203 research outputs found
ΠΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ
Π Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ. ΠΡΡΡΠΊΠ° Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ» Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°, Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ° ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π°, ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΊΠ°.
ΠΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ:
1. ΠΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ.
2. ΠΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ (Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½) ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠ², ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½. Π’ΠΎΠΊΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π²ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΅-ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ; Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ·Π΅Π½, ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½, Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠ², ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π»ΠΈΠ²
Air protection
Πn air pollutant is defined as a substance that is present in the atmosphere at a concentration that is sufficient to cause harm to humans, other animals, vegetation, or materials. Each day humans inhale approximately 20 000 l of air. If harmful gases or fine toxic particles are present in the air, they are also drawn into the lungs, where they may cause serious respiratory diseases and other health problems. Approximately 90% of all air pollution is caused by five primary air pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs; mostly hydrocarbons [HCs]), and suspended particles. The transportation industry is responsible for nearly 50% of all air pollution from anthropogenic sources. In addition to CO, automobiles emit NOx and HCs. The burning of fossil fuels by stationary sources (power plants and industrial plants) accounts for approximately one-third of air pollutants, mainly in the form of sulfur oxides. Other industrial activities, along with variety of processes, including incineration of solid wastes, contribute smaller amounts.
If pollutants were distributed evenly over the entire country, their harmful effects would be greatly reduced. Because the pollutants tend to be concentrated in urban areas, where industry is more common and automobile traffic is congested, large segments of the population are exposed to their harmful effects, particularly during daily rush hours. In addition to the five primary air pollutants, the atmosphere is contaminated with secondary air pollutants, which are harmful substances produced by chemical reactions between primary pollutants and other constituents of the atmosphere. Secondary pollutants include sulfuric acid, nitric acid, sulfates and nitrites (which contribute to acid deposition), and ozone and other photochemical oxidants (which contribute to photochemical smog).
Biomass is material from vegetation and it can be used as a fuel in various boilers and combustors. The main components of biomass are carbon, oxygen and hydrogen but it also contains nitrogen, sulphur and, normally, small amounts of chlorides. The main part of the ash comprises Ca, K, Si, Mg, Mn, Al, Fe, P, Na and Zn. During combustion, various kinds of impurities are generated and some of them there are in the flue gas. Most of them are related to the composition of the biomass: particles from ash, NOx from nitrogen, SO2 from sulphur, etc. There is impurities related to incomplete or bad combustion e.g. particles such as soot and unburned matter, carbon monoxide and other gaseous organic compounds (TOC) such as dioxin. The impurities in the flue gas are harmful if they are emitted to the atmosphere. Flue gas cleaning must be installed to eliminate or at least reduce this problem
Predicting the ballistic strength of aramid fiber composites by implementing full factorial experimental design
The purpose of the study is to predict the ballistic strength of hard aramid fiber/phenolic ballistic composites
by implementing the full factorial experimental design. When designing ballistic composites two major
factors are the most important: the ballistic strength and the weight of the protection. The ultimate target is to
achieve the required ballistic strength with the lowest possible weight of protection. The hard ballistic
aramid/phenolic composites were made by open mold high pressure, high-temperature compression of
prepreg made of plain woven aramid fibre fabric and polyvinyl butyral modified phenolic resin. The
preparation of the composites was done by applying the 22 full factorial experimental design. The areal
weight of the composites was taken to be the first factor and the second β fibre/resin ratio. The first factor
low and high levels were chosen to be 2 kg/m2 and 9 kg/m2, respectively and for the second factor β 80/20
and 50/50, respectively. The first-order linear model to approximate the response i.e. the ballistic strength of
the composites within the study domain (2 β 9) kg/m2 x (80/20 β 50/50) ratio was used. The influence of
each individual factor on the response function was established, as well as the interaction of the two factors.
It was found out that the estimated first-degree regression equation with interaction gives a very good
approximation of the experimental results of the ballistic strength of composites within the study domain.
Key words: aramid fibre, ballistic composites, factorial design, regression equation, V
The optimization of fiber-reinforced backpanel as a substrate for ceramic/composite ballistic inserts for personal protection
Pure fiber-reinforced polymer composites can give protection only of a certain level of ballistic threat i.e. only of small arms ammunition. For higher ballistic threat of high energy projectiles, ballistic inserts of ceramic tiles/composite back panel are used.
Such inserts are usually composed of ceramic tiles, facing the impact, laid on fiberreinforced polymer back panel where the hardness of the ceramic is the main factor
contributing to the ballistic strength of the inserts. The purpose of the back panel is to keep the tiles stuck together and to be strong/rigid enough to keep the backface blunt trauma effect of the inserts under the allowed upper limit of 44 mm (1,73 inch).
In this study we used pure (99,5%) alumina 5 x 5 x 0,9 cm ceramic tiles and different types of back panel high-performance composites reinforced with aramid (Kevlar), ballistic nylon, ultra-high molecular weight polyetjylene (UHMWPE, Dyneema) and glass fibers. The purpose of the study was to find the optimal back panel construction in terms of its trauma performance, weight and price level. It was shown that the lowest trauma effect could be achieved with aramid composites, the lowest weight with UHMWPE, the cheapest β with glass but with a sacrifice of the weight and ballistic nylon backpanel was somewhere between aramid and glass panels in terms of its weight and price level
Dust separation on bio mass combustion plants
Biomass is material from vegetation, it can be used as a fuel in various boilers and combustor.
The main components: carbon, oxygen and hydrogen but it also contains nitrogen, sulphur, small amounts of chlorides and ash.
The main part of the ash comprises: Ca, K, Si, Mg, Mn, Al, Fe, P, Na and Zn.
During combustion, various kinds of impurities are generated and some of them we find in the flue gas. Most of these are related to the composition of the biomass: particles from ash, NOx from nitrogen, SO2 from sulphur, etc. The impurities in the flue gas are harmful if they are emitted to the atmosphere.
The gas cleaning systems can be divided as follows:
1. Removal of particles or dust collection;
2. Removal of water soluble gases: SO2, HCl, HF and NH3;
3. Removal of NOx, mainly NO;
4. Removal of the very toxic substances: dioxin and mercury (Hg);
One equipment or system can be specific for a certain pollutant or can, sometimes with some additions, take care of the whole gas cleaning.
There are often several possible solutions for an actual plant with respect to emission limits, performance, reliability, costs, etc
Mehanicke i toplotne karakteristike kompozitnog materijala za ugradnji u raketnoj tehnici
In this paper the tehnology for production of short carbon fibers moulding compound is described. The caracterization of the starting raw materials is perfomed and moulding compounds with different fiber/matrix ratio anddifferent fiber length are obtained. From the different lab β samples molded parts are made.
The influence of the main processing parameters of short carbon fiber/phenolic resin composite on its mechanical properties is investigated and the optimal processing conditions are determined. For investigation the full factorial experimental design is used in which these parameters are varied: fiber length, temperature and time of the press cycle. As a result the regression equoation for impact resistance, compression strength, flexurel strength and the modulus of elasticity are determined. The obtained results has justified the application of this material in automotive, leasure, military and other industries where high temperature resistance and high mechanical strength is required
Π’ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ
ΠΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠ°, ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π΅ Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΓ¨ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ: Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°, Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π±Π΅Π», Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π°Π²ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π³ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π·Π° Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π²Π»Π°ΠΊΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈ Π²Π»Π°ΠΊΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π²ΠΎ Π°Π²ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ, Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²Π»Π°ΠΊΠ½Π°. ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅Ρ, ΡΓ¨ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, Π·Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ° Π½Π΅ Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ. Π Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, ΡΓ¨ ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΓ¨ ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ΡΠΈ,
ΠΈΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΓ¨ ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π·Π° Ρ
ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. Π‘ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ Π³ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ.
ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅Ρ, Π·Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° Π°Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠΠ° Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ, Π±Π°ΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ°, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΠ° Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ) Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡ (ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ) ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ°, ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄, Π° Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡ, LCA (life cycle assessment)
Biocomposites based on poly(lactic acid) and kenaf fibers: effect of microfibrillated cellulose
In this work, the influence of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) on the basic mechanical properties
of PLA/kenaf fiber biocomposites has been studied. The addition of 5β15 % microfibrillated cellulose to a
biocomposite premix has resulted in an increased glass transition temperature of the final product, produced by
compression molding of previously melt-mixed composite components. The presence of MFC has influenced
the interface-sensitive properties of the PLA/kenaf composite: at an optimal loading of 10 %, the interfacial
energy release rate was increased by about 20 %. Moreover, flexural strength and modulus of the composites
were also improved (from 34.8 MPa to 57.1 MPa and from 4.9 GPa to 5.8 GPa, respectively).
Keywords: biocomposites; poly(lactic acid); kenaf fibers; microfibrillated cellulos
Utilization of recycled polymer matrices for production of eco-composites
Abstract: One of the big new areas of development of the advanced composite materials is in combining natural
fi bers with thermoplastics for producing lightweight, environmentally friendly, cost-effective composite material.
The aim of this work is to show the possibilities of recycling and reuse of thermoplastic polymer matrices with rice hulls
(RH) and kenaf fi bres (KF) using the conventional techniques, extrusion and compression moulding. The matrices (polypropylene
(PP) and poly(lactic) acid (PLA) ) were recycled one and two times and the fi bers/fi ller were compounded with
recycled matrix. The processing and material properties have been studied on the composites with recycled matrix and
compared to the composites with virgin matrix.
Characterization of all composites includes mechanical, morphological and thermo-gravimetrical analysis. Π’he fl exural
properties for PP recycled based composites were held close to the fl exural properties for composite based on neat PP, but for
PLA recycled based composite the fl exural properties are decreased for about 50%. The thermal stability of recycled matrices
based composites is very similar to the thermal stability of the composites with virgin matrix. SEM analysis has shown that
the fi llers/fi bers are covered by the recycled polymer matrix, indicated on the satisfi ed durability of the recycled polymer
matrices. The obtained results have shown that both polymer matrices (biodegradable and no degradable) could be recycled
with acceptable mechanical properties and they can be successfully used for production of eco-composites.
Keywords: eco-composites, polypropylene, poly(lactic acid), rice hulls, kenaf fi bers, extrusion compressio
Materials Engineering
The material presented in this book is the last part from the five books series
which are resulte of the aforementioned project.
Sustainable development, pariculary for industry was the base for developing
of these educative materials. Part of the contents presented in the previous
books covered the temas which generally are connected with sustainable
development, but this book coveres the types of materials in general and
the management of the waste materials. The nowdays fast development
which results in intensive way of leaving is as a consequence of the development
of different kinds of materials which can be finde in various segments
of everyday life. So, in the first part of this book in particular thematical parts
are presented the different kinds of materials like: polymer materials, metals
and alloys, ceramics materials, glass, composite materials and eco-composite
materials. Also, as content in this part of the book are the themas: science
and engineering of materials, nanotechnology and nanomaterials and modern
electrode materials in the hydrogen economy. In the first part of the book
the particular attention is given on ther type and usage of materials starting
from the operable moto in the science and engeneering of materials i.e. the
thetrade: synthesis β structure β properties β application.
The second part of this book thematically covered the treatment of waste
in the materials engineering in general, but also the actual themas from the
management of waste are presented like recycling of: polymers, metal sctap,
glass and refractories. The production of ceramics from waste and end of life
treatment of polymer composite materials present the two parts consisted in
the second part of the book.
In this part of the book the particular attention was payed on the diferent
types of materials which can be treated as raw materials from which new or
the same products can be produced. Also,the attention was payed on the
treatment of waste as energy resourse
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